a. Dysfunction b. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. d. classical conditioning. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? b. learned behavior. a. a. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. 100. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. According to Mental Health America, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which a brief application of electric stimulus is used to produce a generalized seizure. Patients are placed on a padded bed and administered a muscle relaxant to avoid injury during the seizures. d. humanistic. What is learning and what forms does it take? Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. b. resistance. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. d. synapses. The final section is a Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. b. psychoanalysis. c. resistance. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Evaluating the cognitive model. Electroconvulsive therapy. 47. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. Shonda responds by changing the subject. b. exposure therapy. The perspective is overly precise. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. b. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. b. biological. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. c. role-playing. b. Freud. b. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. b. social factors leading to stress. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? a. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? c. develop depression but recover more quickly. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. d. transference. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. 79. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. 13. Module Overview. 102. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. 2.3.4. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. b. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. c. sociocultural. 95. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. 2.2.1.2. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? d. frustrating the client. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. We will cover this process in three parts. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. d. flight of ideas. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. b. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. Psychodynamic techniques. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. 2.3.3.3. What is that factor? 2.3.3.6. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. d. disengagement. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. 2.2.3.1. a. 89. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. What is it? 99. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. c. emphasize health. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. This is an example of: Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. Bertha (Anna O.) d. psychodynamic. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. b. is not led by a professional clinician. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. 61. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. It is difficult to research this perspective. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: 2.3.4.2. Infants tend to do things that feel good. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. 151. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. c. transference. c. psychodynamic. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. b. 2.2.2.1. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. 57. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. c. role-playing. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? d. sociocultural. b. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. 2.2.1.5. c. psychodynamic b. humanistic-existential. None of the models are complete within themselves. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. 86. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. The response re-emerges. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. b. cognitive-behavioral A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. 63. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? a. humanistic therapy. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. It is difficult to research this perspective. d. client-centered therapy. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. 59. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? c. enmeshed. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Structure of the Nervous System. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. Figure 2.10. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. 158. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. 163. b. cognitive-behavioral The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. 2.2.1.3. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. PSY470 Models of Abnormality - Running Head: BENCHMARK - StuDocu Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. 133. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. 50. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. 166. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. 2.3.1.5. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. 90. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Operant conditioning. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. d. humanistic. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. b. neurotransmitters. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. This approach to learning was called connectionism. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1.
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