doi: 10.1093/jxb/err246, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Sillero, J. C., and Rubiales, D. (2007). (2009). Plant Physiol. This paper reviews relevant facts about the biology of broomrape weeds, the key mechanisms they employ to attack crops and the control methods already developed or in development that directly target those mechanisms. 19, 211236. *Correspondence: Mnica Fernndez-Aparicio, monica.fernandez@dijon.inra.fr, View all doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03171.x, Klein, O., and Kroschel, J. Hot air temperature and clear skies are required during the solarization period. Small broomrape parasitism in red clover is temperature related. The stimulatory capability of crop root exudates is defined by the qualitative and quantitative content of germination-inducing factors and varies across crop species and cultivars. J. Agric. 1), 3437. They are exuded by the crop to the rhizosphere under nutrient deficient conditions in order to promote symbiotic interactions (Akiyama et al., 2005). Mabrouk, Y., Mejri, S., Hemissi, I., Simier, P., Delavault, P., Saidi, M., et al. J. Exp. Sci. 2021 Apr 12;253(5):97. doi: 10.1007/s00425-021-03616-1. 60, 316323. Crop Prot. 2. Plant Pathol. Annu. However, exogenous application of GA alone is not sufficient to promote broomrape germination (Takeuchi et al., 1995; Chae et al., 2004) and strigolactone-mediated ABA catabolism in conditioned seeds is required to trigger germination (Lechat et al., 2012). The broomrapes are obligate plant-parasitic plants from the genera Orobanche and Phelipanche in the Orobanchaceae family (Bennett and Mathews, 2006; Tank et al., 2006; Joel, 2009). Sieve elements of both organisms are already interconnected by interspecific sieve pores at early stages of parasitism. 3585999. update on breeding for resistance to sunflower broomrape / actualizacin de la situacin de la mejora gentica de girasol para resistencia al jopo June 2014 Helia 33(52):1-12 doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.012, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yoneyama, K., and Rubiales, D. (2011). New infestations can occur through the use of contaminated seeds or machinery and their prevention is essential. doi: 10.1017/S0960258500002671, Lpez-Bellido, R. J., Bentez-Vega, J., and Lpez-Bellido, L. (2009). Germination stimulants of Phelipanche ramosa in the rhizosphere of Brassica napus are derived from the glucosinolate pathway. 103, 423431. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00583.x, Mabrouk, Y., Zourgui, L., Sifi, B., Delavault, P., Simier, P., and Belhadj, O. 31, 2730. Control 2 291296. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.003, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Moral, A., Kharrat, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012b). Long term dry preservation of active mycelia of two mycoherbicidal organisms. Bot. The metabolic activity of the seed conditioning in broomrape has been characterized in terms of patterns of respiration, synthesis and turnover of proteins, metabolism of nitrogen, carbohydrates and lipids and hormonal balance. Broomrape is easily spread by equipment, boots and water, he said. Is seed conditioning essential for Orobanche germination? Seed respiration patterns during conditioning indicate a strong activation of metabolism. 47, 4453. Fig. Technol. (2015). (2010). Plant J. broomrape and bursage relationship. Weed Sci. Other interesting molecules that hamper the ability of broomrape radicle to reach the host have been recently discovered from different microbial and plant origins (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). in Africa and Near East. Agron. Mutualism This is a win-win relationship Both organisms . Composition of and changes in storage compounds in Orobanche aegyptiaca seeds during preconditioning. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.038, Mauromicale, G., Lo Monaco, A., and Longo, M. G. A. Phytochemistry 41, 403406. 112, 297308. Riopel, J. L., and Timko, M. P. (1995). Prez-de-Luque, A., Fondevilla, S., Prez-Vich, B., Aly, R., Thoiron, S., Simier, P., et al. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-10-11-0260. Eur. 61, 246257. B., Delavault P., Chaibi W., Simier P. (2010). Hydrogen peroxide generated by parasitic radicles activates host peroxidases that catalyze the conversion of host cell walls into haustorium-inducing quinones (Keyes et al., 2000, 2007). 51, 702707. 14, 227236. In vitro treatments of a large range of sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Hershenhorn et al., 1998; Plakhine et al., 2001). Weed Sci. Use of ethylene producing bacteria for stimulating of Striga spp. Activity of some nitrogen assimilating enzymes has been reported low in broomrapes. Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/broomrape, Illinois Wildflowers - One-Flowered Broomrape, University of California - Branched Broomrape. doi: 10.1006/anbo.2001.1520, Labrousse, P., Delmail, D., Arnaud, M. C., and Thalouarn, P. (2010). Bot. N-substituted phthalimides as plant bioregulants. 100, 537544. Pectolytic activity by the haustorium of the parasitic plant Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) in host roots. doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00830.x, Draie, R., Pron, T., Pouvreau, J.-B., Vronsi, C., Jgou, S., Delavault, P., et al. Those interactions promote the broomrape seed bank remains dormant inhibiting the initiation of broomrape parasitism, and therefore its rates of seed bank replenishment. Non-host facilitators, a new category that unexpectedly favours parasitic weeds. 53, 107117. Broomrapes counteract the high risk of failure in establishment on a host with highly evolved mechanisms of survival. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. Weed Res. The terminal haustorium develops at the apex of the seedling radicle upon host recognition (Musselman, 1980; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Understanding Orobanche and Phelipanche-host plant interactions and developing resistance. A., and Rubiales, D. (2010a). doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00179.x, Parker, C. (2009). Plant Pathol. Careers. 34, 610619. Plant Sci. Kuijt, J. Once in the parasite system, sucrose is not accumulated but metabolized to other compounds. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. resistance available for faba bean breeding. Before 52, 8386. Fenugreek root exudates show species-specific stimulation of Orobanche seed germination. Crop Prot. doi: 10.1039/b907026e, Boari, A., and Vurro, M. (2004). Water relations, in Parasitic Plants, eds M. C. Press and J. Graves (London: Chapman and Hall), 125140. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1140, Dadon, T., Nun, N. B., and Mayer, A. M. (2004). (2014). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, in other broomrape-crop associations the damage induced by broomrape extends beyond assimilate diversion. known genetic relationship between HA-267, LIV-10, LIV-17, and AB-VL-8. Mater. 52, 10501053. In the following sections we describe the key developmental stages in the subterranean broomrape life cycle. 19, 289307. The release of phytochemicals by the roots of the allelopathic component in the intercrop inhibits the broomrape germination and/or radicle elongation toward the host component. Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. Joel, D. M., Back, A., Kleifeld, Y., and Gepstein, S. (1991). Assessment of pathogenicity or damages toward non-target plants has to be carefully assessed in order to avoid environmental risks. Effect of amino acid application on induced resistance against citrus canker disease in lime plants. It is a prolific seed producer. Its a root parasite; it cannot produce its own chlorophyll, Fatino said. Epifagus means "upon beech," derived from "epi," upon, and "fagus," the genus of beech; virginiana refers to "Virginia.". Sci. As the broomrape seeds are long-lived and difficult to detect, infested fields are usually quarantined to prevent further spread. and their current disposition. Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1999). Transformation of carrots with mutant acetolactate synthase for Orobanche (broomrape) control. Orobanche aegyptiaca control in tomato fields with sulfonylurea herbicides. Sci. Flavonoids promote haustoria formation in the root parasite Triphysaria versicolor. (2005). Because the haustorial organ in broomrape radicle is terminal and its growth is not resumed unless it can immediately penetrate the host, cessation of radicle elongation and haustorial induction in the absence of a host is lethal to the parasite. Due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. subtilis are promising biocontrol agents targeting the growth of broomrape radicles (Barghouthi and Salman, 2010). Weed Res. The major strategy that specifically impedes the broomrape capacity to penetrate the host once the radicle has made contact with host root, is based on the use of host resistance, either genetic resistance obtained by breeding (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009; Yoder and Scholes, 2010), or induced resistance by abiotic or biotic agents (Gonsior et al., 2004; Kusumoto et al., 2007). Biochem. Careful selection of the non-host component in the intercrop is, however, required as some plant species can act as non-host facilitators and therefore increase the severity of broomrape infection in the host component (Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2013). Synthetic analogs of growth regulators can be successfully used to reduce parasitism by hampering the synchronization of the parasitic seed bank with the growth of the host. Opin. A number of broomrape species are serious agricultural threats. Not all areas infested by broomrape are suitable for efficient solarization. We have seen that several opportunities to stop the cycle of the parasite have been explored. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01802.x, Slavov, S., Valkov, V., Batchvarova, R., Atanassova, S., Alexandrova, M., and Atanassov, A. (2015). 92, 1368. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-92-9-1368B. If successful, these studies could develop a strategy to limit the damage from broomrape if it becomes established and the strict quarantine is lifted. Ann. Nitrogen reduces branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) seed germination. Broomrape seed has been documented to last in the soil for at least 35 years.. Westwood, J. H., and Foy, C. L. (1999). Dor, E., and Hershenhorn, J. Ghersa, C. M., and Martinez-Ghersa, M. A. doi: 10.1002/ps.1732. The Biology of Parasitic Fowering Plants. The model was developed in greenhouse studies and validated in the field during three growing seasons. Res. Orobanche crenata in Ethiopia. 7, 34133420. Pest Manag. Weed Res. 56, 574581. 50, 211219. 2022 Nov 29;12(12):1195. doi: 10.3390/metabo12121195. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00272.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Jeschke, W. D. (1999). Fluridone and norflurazon, carotenoid-biosynthesis inhibitors, promote seed conditioning and germination of the holoparasite Orobanche minor. Sustain. The Problem of Orobanche spp. doi: 10.1006/bcon.1999.0718, Bhattacharya, C., Bonfante, P., Deagostino, A., Kapulnik, Y., Larini, P., Occhiato, E. G., et al. A simple method for stabilizing and granulating fungi. Successful reduction of broomrape parasitism in the current crop is obtained by intercropping host species with inhibitory species of cereals, fenugreek, or berseem clover (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2007, 2008b, 2010a). (1983). Incorporation of sulfosulfuron and rimsulfuron directly to the soil provides successful control of preattached stages of broomrape weeds (Eizenberg et al., 2012). Plant Dis. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness. Rev. Processing tomato growers are struggling to contain a potentially devastating parasitic weed that had not been seen since growers waged a successful eradication campaign four decades ago. Transgenic Res. In non-parasitic plants, physiological dormancy can be relieved through stratification but in the case of broomrape weeds, two consecutive processes are required to release dormancy: an environment-dependent first step of warm stratification called the conditioning phase, and a host-dependent second step of chemodetection. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01307.x, Mabrouk, Y., Simier, P., Delavault, P., Delgrange, S., Sifi, B., Zourgui, L., et al. Annu. Intercropping with cereals reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. Some broomrape species are outcrossers while others are self-pollinating. management in pea (Pisum sativum L.). doi: 10.1002/ps.2153, Evidente, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. Crop Prot. Reda, F. (2006). (2002). Recognition of root exudates by seeds of broomrape (Orobanche and Phelipanche) species. Plant 51, 391394. J. Biocontrol Sci. Weed Res. The following sections and Table 1 review the major feasible control measures for broomrape control. Flowchart showing major underground parasitic events developed by broomrape weeds on susceptible crops and the control strategies that successfully target them. Mitochondrial DNA suggests at least 11 origins of parasitism in angiosperms and reveals genomic chimerism in parasitic plants. doi: 10.5423/PPJ.2004.20.2.081, Hasabi, V., Askari, H., Alavi, S. M., and Zamanizadeh, H. (2014). (2012). Bot. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. Biochem. Please also list any non-financial associations or . Nitrate reductase is not detectable (Lee and Stewart, 1978) and activity of glutamine synthetase is very low (McNally et al., 1983). (2008). Resistance of red clover (Trifolium pratense) to the root parasitic plant Orobanche minor is activated by salicylate but not by jasmonate. Crop Prot. First report of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) on lentil (Lens culinaris) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) in Salamanca Province, Spain. Adv. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1987.tb00751.x, Babiker, A. G. T., Ibrahim, N. E., and Edwards, W. G. (1988). Second, broomrape weed exerts their damage underground right after attachment and therefore, contact herbicides applied after broomrape emergence, e.g., 2,4-D, had no effect on limiting yield loss in the current crop. (2006) applied L-methionine in pots to tomato roots the number of broomrape seedlings that successfully developed parasitism was highly reduced. The crops affected depend on the host range of the broomrape species considered but in general, those in the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, or Solanaceae such as sunflower, oilseed rape, carrot, faba bean, or tomato among many others, sustain the major attacks (Parker and Riches, 1993). In addition, their mixed traits of weed and underground pathogen, make their control tricky. 2021 Apr 11;10(4):746. doi: 10.3390/plants10040746. Metabolism during preconditioning and germination of Orobanche aegyptiaca, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research: Biology and management of Orobanche, eds A. H. Pieterse, J. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00477.x, Southwood, O. R. (1971). Funct. Food Chem. This surface is covered by carbohydrate secretion that sticks the haustorium to the host surface. (2001). A., and Rubiales, D. (2008b). doi: 10.1007/s00425-007-0600-5, Yoneyama, K., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Sekimoto, H. (2007b). Haustorium 65, 56. 2014 Oct 29;62(43):10485-92. doi: 10.1021/jf504609w. Both have red eyes and a feathery crest. (1969). J. Simulation of integrated control strategies for Orobanche spp. Ivanovi , Marisavljevi D, Marinkovi R, Mitrovi P, Blagojevi J, Nikoli I, Pavlovi D. Plant Pathol J. Broomrapes produce little or no chlorophyll; instead, they draw nourishment from the roots of other plants by means of small suckers called haustoria. golden disc awards 2021 nct. excrete enzymes with carbohydrase activity. Several factors contribute to the fact that broomrape weeds remain an uncontrolled agricultural problem. (2007). (2006). (2000). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Like most seeds, broomrape seeds are resistant to rapid microbial degradation due to phenols located in its testa (Cezard, 1973). (2008). inducers of ISR (Gozzo, 2003) and commercially available as Proradix can reduce broomrape parasitism by 80% in susceptible cultivars of hemp and tobacco without phytotoxic effect on the crop (Gonsior et al., 2004). doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.037, Joel, D. M., Hershenhorn, J., Eizenberg, H., Aly, R., Ejeta, G., Rich, P. J., et al. 32, 767790. 65, 478491. The inductor potential of root exudates from a given species varies with the broomrape considered. (2004). doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.68120. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty. Res. Direct application of strigolactones to the soil has been the subject of intense research. If this effect is confirmed, L-methionine use to elicit resistance to broomrape in susceptible crops could be a straightforward strategy either by direct applications of this amino acid in the soil as explained in Section Control Strategies Targeting Host Penetration or delivered by overproducing and excreting microorganisms as explained in Section Strategies to Control Underground Broomrapes Acting after Establishment.. 25, 9931004. and transmitted securely. Influence of soil moisture on activity and persistence of the strigol analogue GR 24. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00464.x, Prez-de-Luque, A., Jorrn, J., and Rubiales, D. (2004). Its efficacy for broomrape cultural control can be increased if the farmer includes trap and/or catch crops as components in the rotation (Rubiales et al., 2009b). Sholmer-Ilan, A. Gain of host sensitivity in broomrape seeds at the end of the conditioning phase is mediated by demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2003.09.013, Labrousse, P., Arnaud, M. C., Seryes, H., Berville, A., and Thalouarn, P. (2001). PMC doi: 10.1007/s00299-005-0052-y, Amsellem, Z., Zidack, N. K., Quimby, Jr P. C, and Gressel, J. The first attempts to deplete parasitic weed seed bank was made by Johnson et al. 133, 637642. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01807.x, Atsatt, P. R. (1977). The requirement for germination-inducing factors in order to break dormancy in parasitic seeds are bypassed by ethylene or cytokinins (which promotes ethylene biosynthesis) in Striga sp. Evaluation of amino acids as turfgrass nematicides. Weed Res. 63, 53115322. Plant Physiol. Res. We are trying to predict the timing of germination of broomrape based on the soil temperature and moisture, Mesgaran said. (2007a). Sci. Appl. National Library of Medicine a review. Broomrape management elsewhere Israeli cooperators have been working on broomrape management for several decades Eizenberg, Goldwasser, and others Weed is not eradicated, but is managed to an acceptable level Management is based on carefully -timed and -placed herbicides to disrupt key broomrape life stages The attachment organ of the parasitic angiosperms Orobanche cumana and O. aegyptiaca and its development. Available at: www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, Acharya, B. D., Khattri, B. G., Chettri, M. K., and Srivastava, X. In some crops, the biomass loss equals to that accumulated by the parasite indicating that damage in the crop is directly attributed to the parasitic sink activity (Barker et al., 1996; Manschadi et al., 1996; Hibberd et al., 1998). Haustorium allows broomrape to attack crops by successive functions, first as host-adhesion organ, and subsequently as invasive organ toward host vascular system where finally establishes vascular continuity allowing the parasite to withdraw water and nutrients from the host (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Joel, 2013). Evol. However, results recently arisen from a molecule screening identified phytotoxins that induce the development of anchoring device in broomrape radicles (Cimmino et al., 2014, 2015). The long-term approach to parasitic weeds control: manipulation of specific developmental mechanisms of the parasite. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01645.x, Mwakaboko, A. S., and Zwanenburg, B. 44, 284289. For instance, root exudates of field pea induces high germination of the very destructive broomrape species O. crenata, O. foetida, O. minor, and P. aegyptiaca, however, it only becomes infected by O. crenata therefore pea may theoretically be a good trap crop against O. foetida, O. minor, and P. aegyptiaca but not for O. crenata infested field (Fernndez-Aparicio and Rubiales, 2012). Biol. Though, the effect of L-methionine on internal crop resistance was not studied and requires further investigation. 120, 328337. by . Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsks.) Role of the sucrose synthase encoding PrSus1 gene in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel). Weed Sci. High osmotic potential in roots and drop in amino acid levels in the phloem has been reported in tolerant varieties of faba bean in response to broomrape parasitism. Plakhine, D., Eizenberg, H., Hershenhorn, J., Goldwasser, Y., and Kleifeld, Y. The ability of L-methionine to stop the entrance of broomrape intrusive cells into the host-root layers has not been studied. 53, 1927. Chemical signalling between plants: mechanistic similarities between phytotoxic allelopathy and host recognition by parasitic plants, in Chemical Ecology: From Gene to Ecosystem, eds M. Dicke and W. Takken (Dordrecht: Springer), 5569. 88, 859868. -, Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Delavault P., Chabi W., Simier P. (2009). Once broomrape germination has occurred, chemicals that reduce the growth of broomrape radicle reduce the chances of reaching the host and therefore parasitism. Sources of resistance to crenate broomrape among species of Vicia. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal, FRG: Eberhard Karls Universitt), 147156. Rich, P. J., Grenier, C., and Ejeta, G. (2004). In addition, accumulation of toxic phenolic compounds at the infection point can be observed in some resistant varieties. 60, 641650. 70, 183212. PrCYP707A1, an ABA catabolic gene, is a key component of Phelipanche ramosa seed germination in response to the strigolactone analogue GR24. Global invasive potential of 10 parasitic witchweeds and related Orobanchaceae. A quantitative model for loss of primary dormancy and induction of secondary dormancy in imbibed seeds of Orobanche spp. Ryecyanatines A and B and ryecarbonitrilines A and B, substituted cyanatophenol, cyanato-benzo[1,3] diole, and benzo[1,3]dioxolecarbonitriles from rye (Secale cereale L.) root exudates: new metabolites with allelophatic activity on Orobanche seed germination and radicle growth. Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Sauerborn, J. The regulatory consequences of having this quarantine pest discovered are so draconian there may be a temptation to keep the finding secret, Hanson said. 27, 173178. This method consists in heating the soil through sun energy achieving temperatures above 45C, by covering a wet soil with transparent polyethylene sheets for a period of 48 weeks during the warmest season (Katan, 1981; Mauro et al., 2015).
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