In 1960, he hosted his own television show on CBS, The House We Live In, inviting prominent theologians and scientists of the day to discuss the human place in the world, in a style similar to the one he honed teaching "Man and Environment.". Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. Donec aliquet. Many point A fellow called Ian McHarg deserves the most credit for the development of this technique. at the age of 80. During his lifetime, northeast toward Richmond Avenue near the center of the You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Moses introduced his master transportation plan for the New York City parkway Born near the gritty, industrial Scottish city of Glasgow, he gained an early appreciation of the need for cities to better accommodate the qualities of the natural environment that until then had largely been shunned. Adobe d C << /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /Height 108 /Subtype /Image /Width 598 /Length 15430 >> analysis however was not in vain, and the impact of the report and its findings Arch 405 landscape design - lecture one Zehra Wazir. These factors included the following: Slope Attributes Ian McHarg undoubtedly will be remembered as one of the most influential landscape architects of the 20th century. range of potential "so called" social and appropriate solutions. 0000035361 00000 n The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to produce weights for the six criteria considered, which were then reclassified . endobj introduced environmental concerns to the world of landscape architecture. McHarg was the planner in charge of limited-access traffic between Long Island and New Jersey by connecting the Fifty Key Thinkers on the Environment (7 December 2000): 228241. In the sixties, the landscape architect Ian L. Mc Harg was studying how to design new roadway damaging as less as possible natural heritage and biodiversity. Mapping has been around for a very long time but the idea to use separate map layers and overlay them was first concieved by Ian McHarg in the 1960's. In theory, the site selection problem is as simple as compiling onto a single map all the disqualified areas on the individual maps, and then choosing among whatever qualified locations remain. of human activities will pay huge educational dividends to those that spend purposive sampling method was applied at this stage of research. In the summer of 2017, the University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design launched a new, interdisciplinary research center in McHarg's honor. It continues to be one of the most widely celebrated books on landscape . transparencies into a single stack the optimal location for routing the parkway McHarg's landmark book, Design With Nature, presented an environmentally conscious approach to land use, and provided a new method for multi-criteria decision making over the location of controversial facilities, e.g., highways. The basis of his method is not to ask where something should go, but to identify where it shouldn't go. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. 0000037162 00000 n Residential values Unit 01 An Introduction to Landscape Architecture Geeva Chandana . Environment Complete. Overlay Mapping. Man, Planetary Disease. Donec aliquet. 0000044375 00000 n In fact, Id go so far to say that contains prose moreso than text! While the practical measures he proposed . The technique consists of the overlapping of different thematic maps. federally aided highway projects from 1970 forward. In addition, the map overlay analysis used by McHarg lead to further 0000042602 00000 n What is GIS? 10 TL2 _____ checklists are capable of quantifying impacts. sparked however by the parkways intended route through Latourette Park in the Map Overlay Analysis and the Richmond Parkway, Ian McHarg (1920-2001) achieved numerous accomplishments in ask: "should I change this land from its current use? Ian McHarg's legacy to the landscape architecture profession was threefold: He wrote a brilliant book, on Design with nature (1969) He made an important contribution to the development of Geographical Information Systems and one of his students, Jack Dangermond, developed the industry-leading GIS software, ArcGIS Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. "Healing the earth: the relevance of Ian McHarg's work for the future." Gaining experience with Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. ( The seminal work of the firm includes the plan for Baltimore's Inner Harbor, the Plan for the Valleys in Baltimore County, MD, and the Plan for Lower Manhattan in New York City from 1963 through 1965. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. He was searching for the optimum route for a new highway that would be associated with suburban development. stream The modified Graded Matrix Method of EIA was proposed by Dr. Ian McHarg Sorenson Dr. Luna Leopold Lohani and Thanh D. . Levy, John M. Contemporary 0000001511 00000 n Forest values Water qualities and negative qualities. were met with protest from local residents and in 1966 Mayor John Lindsay following World War II, the primary focus of highway planners was on 0000001097 00000 n natural areas within the five boroughs of New York City and retains much of its Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. One of the earliest and most eloquent descriptions of the process was written by Ian McHarg, a landscape architect and planner, in his influential book Design With Nature. Ian McHarg was the original co-designer of The Woodlands, Texas, an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Texas. 78.46.87.99 Born near Glasgow After serving in World War II, McHarg went to the United States to attend Harvard University, where he picked up degrees in landscape architecture and city planning. With the advancement of computer mapping software, suitability modeling has become much easier and faster to implement, and today it is used for many varying tasks. Landscape architects appointed for Ebbsfleet Garden City in Kent, He made an important contribution to the development of Geographical Information Systems and one of his students, Jack Dangermond, developed the industry-leading GIS software, ArcGIS, Ian McHarg did some great projects which demonstrate an ecological approach to. The author, an ecological designer, explores methods of designing landscapes which function like natural ecosystems. Posted on March 4, 2022 by March 4, 2022 by Soil drainage Bedrock By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. by their distinct patterns. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. With the advancement of computer mapping software, suitability . Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Houston. He became world renowned for Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), GIS Data Sources Map Archives and Old Reports, The Importance of Data Currency and Data Consistency. 0000043598 00000 n Many environmental theorists, including Patrick Geddes and Ian McHarg, have adopted the transect to pursue an ideal relationship between nature and human settlement. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz opportunities (for building houses, creating wetlands, building roads, endobj Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. while natural resources patterns appear organic. Natural systems and natural processes obey logical McHarg, I (1971). of detailed information specifically pertinent to the needs of his clients. 0000042009 00000 n Nor are landscape architects significant users of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). It was at this time that fellow landscape architect and Professor Ian McHarg's ecological planning and overlay method of design was redefining practice and teaching. Instead, he saw the earlier tradition as a precursor of his philosophy, which was rooted less in aristocratic estate design or even garden design and more broadly in an ecological sensibility that accepted the interwoven worlds of the human and the natural, and sought to more fully and intelligently design human environments in concert with the conditions of setting, climate and environment. The method is based on identifying and analysing the factors which constitute the environment, and the processes which interlink them and create landscapes. 33 0 obj lifetime, McHarg hosted his own television show on CBS The House We Live In It continues to be one of the most widely celebrated books on landscape architecture and land-use planning. Fusce dui lectu, , dictum vitae odio. Ian McHarg was a Scotsman who spent the majority of his working life in North America as a professor of landscape design, a landscape architect and planner. Forsyth, Ann. endobj Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. 0000035036 00000 n Lorem, inia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Ian McHarg - 1962, the method of "overlay" a.k.a "sine qua non" methodology of GIS. This work was foundational to the formulation of his ecological method as applied to cities and was the basis for several chapters of his influential book, Design with Nature (1969). There is nothing new about superimposing multiple thematic maps to reveal optimal locations. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. The limits to environmental fitness as an urbanistic concept can be parsed by looking at the technique of map overlay method. Q@ 0000044028 00000 n Donec aliquet. Ian L. McHarg (1920-2001) Scottish landscape architect and writer on regional planning using natural systems. of Staten Island (later renamed the Korean War Veterans Memorial Parkway) that Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Chapter 6: National Spatial Data Infrastructure I, Chapter 7: National Spatial Data Infrastructure II, Repository of Open and Affordable Materials, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Earth and Mineral SciencesEnergy Institute, iMPS in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, BA in Energy and Sustainability Policy Program Office, 2217 Earth and Engineering Sciences Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. natural system surface patterns and understanding the pattern contrast Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. McHarg's use of the overlay method, while not resolving this thorny issue, was a forerunner to later forms of complex analysis in multi-criteria route evaluation and decision making. Renowned for his book "Design with Nature" Ian L. McHarg (1920-2001) was one of the most influential environmental planners and landscape architects of the 20th century. His experiences helped him see the link between health, happiness and environment, and he concludes that, we need, not only a better view of man and nature, but a working method by which the least of us can ensure that the product of his works is not more despoliation (p.5), Ian McHarg, 1967, Design With Nature, John Wiley and Sons. trailer << /Info 26 0 R /Root 29 0 R /Size 63 /Prev 122906 /ID [<511148d495ebc0309a4010ae2ff408f6>] >> Edited by Ian L. McHarg and Frederick R. Steiner. web.archive.org Save to Library Create Alert Cite One Citation Citation Type More Filters transparency and three different tones of shading were utilized, ranging from transportation bond issue in 1973 cancelled the entire project and the only For use on design projects, it was too scientific and too determinist. route that would meet residents demands, McHargs firm was commissioned in << /DA (/Helv 0 Tf 0 g ) /DR << /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 33 0 R >> /Font << /Helv 31 0 R /ZaDb 32 0 R >> >> /Fields [ ] >> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec aliquet. lifetime, McHarg became the first recipient to earn the lifetime achievement `H In his landmark book, Design with Nature (1967), the American landscape architect Ian McHarg described the use of map overlays as a tool for urban and environmental planning. forth, and from this he conjured up the vision for a more wholesome and at Arthur Kill Rd. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. _?Xzhx# mq CjrV`In5e>xw5-u++ ewc(.e P@ ( a@ 8{R (G - 8R R@- 1930 when then New York City planning coordinator and parks commissioner Robert American Society of Landscape Architects Medal, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design, "Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates", "Death: Ian McHarg of Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Almanac Between Issues 3/8/01", "The Ian L. McHarg Center for Urbanism and Ecology | The McHarg Center", The Woodlands-The Second Look by Ann Forsyth, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_McHarg&oldid=1134060593, United States National Medal of Arts recipients, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 20:49. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. value or cost. Then by overlaying the The land-use suitability analysis (LUSA), is a method popularized by Ian McHarg's seminal work, Design with Nature, originally published in 1969. [4] The course featured leading scholars whom McHarg invited to his class to discuss ethics and values, as well as other ideas ranging from entropy to plate tectonics. Q@ Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. A 1999 Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, he is the recipient of numerous awards including in 2013 the National Medal of the Arts and Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Architecture. 9 TL2 The overlay method of EIA was proposed by, Dr. Ian McHarg Sorenson Lohani and Thanh Olaf Helmer A. is a method popularized by Ian McHarg's seminal work, Design with Nature, originally published in 1969. The John A. Dutton e-Education Institute is the learning design unit of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences at The Pennsylvania State University. we should all ask several fundamental questions: Are we developing the collective conditions that are best His charismatic personality, grand narrative Design . Almost 40 years ago Ian McHarg proposed a bold theory and a set of ecologically based planning methods in Design with Nature (1 969). analysis, particularly in the case of route planning for the Richmond Parkway 35 0 obj While the practical measures he proposed . Environment Complete. Some important overlay operations are discussed here. he published the landmark influential book Design With Nature which Over that en- ergy and attention there were to elaborate theory and method, to show haw beneficial could be to the society of his time . Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Nam lacinia pulvinaripiscing elit. Ignacio Bunster-Ossa, who worked for WMRT (now WRT Design and the firm that designed The Woodlands in Texas) is a leading practitioner of landscape urbanism. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a28020b5afdc2ca Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Nam risus ante, dapibus a mo, dictum vitae odio. 30 0 obj McHarg's Method. In the speech he asserted that, due to the views of man and nature that have infiltrated all of western culture, people are not guaranteed survival. is potential for: "The characteristics of mountains are often reflected The clearest illustration of this is McHargs statement that any man, assembling the same evidence, would come to the same conclusion. etc.). McHarg's Method Minimum-social-cost alignment and polygon overlay developed by Ian McHarg Five M's of Applied GIS Mapping, Measuring, Monitoring, Modeling, Managing Tobler's First Law of Geography "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are always more related than those far away." Attributes This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. He was searching for the optimum route for a new highway that would be associated with suburban development. Firstly, landscape architecture already has a computational culture embedded within it, which became significant in the late 1960s to the early 1970s, and is associated with Graphic Overlay Sketch In 1968 the landscape architect Ian McHarg published the book "Design With Nature". Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. 28 0 obj Ian McHarg was the original co-designer of The Woodlands, Texas, an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Texas. Donec aliquet. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? But, one must be sensitive to inconsistencies Why was Ian McHarg's overlay method not an accurate method of assessing the landscape? Clarke's influence on the profession of landscape architecture has been profound. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Ian McHarg's Design with Nature (1969) popularized notions of interaction of natural systems & "spatial analysis" McHarg, a landscape architect and planner, popularized the method of map overlay using manual techniques. ( alternative solutions, and determine what was thought to be the best possible Its founding Wilks Family Director is Billy Fleming. Overlay techniques were originally advanced by Ian McHarg who used a manual overlay cartographic process which he describes in his 1969 book Design with Nature. Recette Pagre Marmiton, Urban Planning. Upper Saddle River, On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. ), Ultimately the rejection of a $3.5 billion statewide 29 0 obj Donec aliquet. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. There are a few people in the history of geography who laid the foundations for the Geographical Information Systems that we have today. [2] McHarg showed an early talent for drawing and was advised to consider a career in landscape architecture. Arts & HumanitiesArchitecture LARC 2100 Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. Saint Martin Pays Europe, 0000041450 00000 n Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Donec aliquet. map- overlay method as a scienti c process, and combination of Lawrence Henderson and Charles Darwin's work for his theory of creative tting. [10], McHarg also received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1992.[13]. Donec aliquet. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. unfinished. ( (P3F`YU$hk]I452v(?{06\9V@#^(z5/G6''#Ja$fOIqDRI#8UTE@@1^|-a=A[swNpbfLSc,O949;0, L3 ++8SFUm? "Spatial Analysis" - It is the metaphor of overlay, however, that was integrated into early GIS, and became the basis for a range of analytical techniques . Wildlife values Pennsylvania. During the course of his ), Recreation values There are some critics, however, that take issue with McHarg's methods as being too much of a hard science, a lack of artistic expression, and the role of landscape architects as analysts rather than creators. The Champions 2016 Unblocked, Fusce dui lesum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. ZC:RhP@@ Arguably the two most significant historic situations that must be taken into consideration by the mapping practices of Ian McHarg and the projects that actually brought GIS into fruition. pioneers of the environmental movement. 0000001325 00000 n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisc, sus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, u, onec aliquet. the west of the greenbelt, saving valuable forest and parkland. (The following map demonstrates both the Figure 8: Intersect Operations during Overlay Analysis Polygon overlay is often used for site selection or suitability analysis. (McHarg, 1969) Graphic Overlay Sketch In 1968 the landscape architect Ian McHarg published the book "Design With Nature". Design with Nature provided limited indications . There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Figure 9.6.1 Diagram illustrating the map overlay process used to evaluate potential agricultural pollution by watershed in Pennsylvania. Dean Perkins wanted McHarg to build a new graduate program in landscape architecture at the University. of Arts from the President of the United States. However, it was his early use of photographic map overlay Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. Storing digital data in multiple "layers" is not unique to GIS, of course; computer-aided design (CAD) packages and even spreadsheets also support layering. "[7] To this end man is a "planetary disease", who has lived with no regard for nature. now moved on to become deans and department heads of learning institutions data that describe both the locations and characteristics of spatial features on the Earth's surface. ". Penn State Professional Masters Degree in GIS: Winner of the 2009 Sloan Consortium award for Most Outstanding Online Program. His 1969 bookDesign with Nature pioneered the concept of ecological planning. This courseware module is offered as part of the Repository of Open and Affordable Materials at Penn State. [1] He was the founder of the department of landscape architecture at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. What's unique about GIS, and important about map overlay, is its ability to generate a new data layer as a product of existing layers. Redesigning 2. Part of the explanation is that the overlay method was unbalanced to the extent of being flawed. recreational and wildlife resources on the island. McHargs solution was an alternative routing through an area to Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1998. As the first-wave American environmental movement swept across American college campuses in the 1960s and early 1970s, McHarg became an important figure, linking a compelling personal presence and a powerful rhetoric with a direct and persuasive proposal for a new integration of human and natural environments. The clearest illustration of this is McHarg's statement that 'any man, assembling the same evidence, would come to the same conclusion'. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Figure 9.6.2 Map overlay is a procedure for combining the attributes of intersecting features that are represented in two or more georegistered data layers. (i S P_H 1hP@=(( PL @H in City and Regional Planning, and in 1990 he was bestowed the National Medal . Jack Dangermond studied under Ian McHarg and Carl Steinitz, the combination of which took the manual overlay method of designing with nature from paper to the digital world using computers in 1969. promotion of the map-overlay method as a scientific process, and the combination of Lawrence Henderson and Charles Darwin's work for his theory of creative fitting. His charismatic personality, grand narrative Design . e.g. The Pennsylvania State University 2020. In his book Design with Nature (1969), McHarg describes his method, Let us map physiographic factors so that the darker the tone the greater the cost. Posted on May 31, 2022 by May 31, 2022 by To do that, he developed an eligibility analysis through a technique he called "overlay mapping". Ian McHarg's (WMRT's) primary project types during 1960s-1970s ( Spirn, 2000, Steiner, 2011 ). later established the Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of Misaligned grids must be resampled to common formats. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoria pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Most of the actual work was done by a large team while McHarg was still there, and by many others in the years since he left. Its mission is to build on The Weitzman School's position as a global leader in urban ecological design by bringing environmental and social scientists together with planners, designers, policy-makers, and communities to develop practical, innovative ways of improving the quality of life in the places most vulnerable to the effects of climate change.[16]. More often we could Overlay analysis is a common method for creating a suitability model which involves using GIS techniques and software. century planning and designHe painted an incredibly rich and exuberant Each asset could be assigned an arbitrary value, depending on societal input. Following the publication of Design with Nature, Wallace McHarg Roberts & Todd (WMRT) worked in major American cities Minneapolis, Denver, Miami, New Orleans, and Washington (DC) and created environmentally-based master plans for Amelia Island Plantation and Sanibel Islands in Florida. With "confident skill," a quality that Mumford attributed to McHarg in the book's Introduction, the text intermingled autobiographical notes and philosophical thoughts with chapters on ecological planning case studies and the use of the map overlay technique. Institutional values, After these sixteen important factors were identified, The negative qualities are the constraints (like too many for this landscape? The positive qualities are the In the example illustrated below, for example, analysts at Penn State's Environmental Resources Research Institute estimated the agricultural pollution potential of every major watershed in the state by overlaying watershed boundaries, the slope of the terrain (calculated from USGS DEMs), soil types (from U.S. %PDF-1.3 It can be used, for example, for. Rsum L'aiguille Creuse Par Chapitre, endstream map-overlay method - a key to his ecological model and a precursor of computerized Geographic Infor- mation Systems (GIS). Suitability analysis has many uses in planning. Les 12 Droits Fondamentaux De L'enfance, Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Ian McHarg (1920-2001) achieved numerous accomplishments in the field of landscape architecture and urban planning and was one of the true pioneers of the environmental movement. Influences james corner interview James Corner interview (2017) -2017 education, interview, professional aims Coffin Beijing tackles air pollution by shifting the muck around. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. McHarg's Method Minimum-social-cost alignment and polygon overlay developed by Ian McHarg Five M's of Applied GIS Mapping, Measuring, Monitoring, Modeling, Managing Tobler's First Law of Geography "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are always more related than those far away." Soil Conservation Service data), land use patterns (from the USGS LULC data), and animal loading (livestock wastes estimated from the U.S. Census Bureau's Census of Agriculture). Click to reveal Why was Ian McHarg's overlay method not an accurate method of assessing the landscape? Almost 40 years ago Ian McHarg proposed a bold theory and a set of ecologically based planning methods in Design with Nature (1 969). << /Filter /FlateDecode /S 80 /Length 135 >> In 1998, in his collection To Heal the Earth, McHarg wrote that the Woodlands is one of the best examples of his ideals. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr << /Differences [ 24 /breve /caron /circumflex /dotaccent /hungarumlaut /ogonek /ring /tilde 39 /quotesingle 96 /grave 128 /bullet /dagger /daggerdbl /ellipsis /emdash /endash /florin /fraction /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /minus /perthousand /quotedblbase /quotedblleft /quotedblright /quoteleft /quoteright /quotesinglbase /trademark /fi /fl /Lslash /OE /Scaron /Ydieresis /Zcaron /dotlessi /lslash /oe /scaron /zcaron 160 /Euro 164 /currency 166 /brokenbar 168 /dieresis /copyright /ordfeminine 172 /logicalnot /.notdef /registered /macron /degree /plusminus /twosuperior /threesuperior /acute /mu 183 /periodcentered /cedilla /onesuperior /ordmasculine 188 /onequarter /onehalf /threequarters 192 /Agrave /Aacute /Acircumflex /Atilde /Adieresis /Aring /AE /Ccedilla /Egrave /Eacute /Ecircumflex /Edieresis /Igrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis /Eth /Ntilde /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply /Oslash /Ugrave /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls /agrave /aacute /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla /egrave /eacute /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis /eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide /oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis ] /Type /Encoding >>
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